Previously known as “early menopause”, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for more than six months in a woman under 40 years old. While menopause typically occurs around age 51, it is considered normal between 40 and 55. However, when ovarian function declines before 40, it is classified as premature.  

Beyond missing periods, POI often comes with symptoms linked to low estrogen levels, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and hormonal imbalances. These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life and fertility potential.  

What Causes Premature Ovarian Insufficiency?  

One of the most common causes is cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation directed at the ovaries, which can damage ovarian tissue. Other potential causes include hormonal disorders, autoimmune diseases, and genetic factors, some of which may have a hereditary component. However, for most women with POI, the exact cause remains unknown.  

Can Pregnancy Still Happen?  

In rare cases—about 1 to 5% of women with POI—spontaneous ovulation and pregnancy can still occur, although the chances are low. For those wishing to conceive, egg donation or fertility preservation (such as egg freezing before treatment) may be considered as alternative paths to parenthood.